Award-winning author James Morrow takes on the foibles and inconsistencies of Western religion with wit and vigor, holding up a mirror and asking, "How far will we go?" Booklist dubs him a "genius" and compares him to Twain, Heller, and Vonnegut, for bringing much needed humor to this too-serious subject. The science fiction and fantasy community has honored him with two Nebulas (for his 1989 short story "Bible Stories for Adults #17: The Deluge" and 1990 novella "City of Truth") and a World Fantasy Award (for his 1990 novel Only Begotten Daughter).

In his most recent work, known collectively as the Godhead Trilogy, Morrow takes us on a tour of a post-theistic world. In Towing Jehovah, a disgraced tanker captain seeks redemption by fulfilling a dying angel's request to tow God's immense dead body from the middle of the Atlantic to its final resting place in an Arctic ice cave. In Blameless in Abaddon, God's body is discovered and He is posthumously put on trial in the World Court for all the evil He allowed in the world. Morrow's newest novel, The Eternal Footman, brings this cycle to a close as people struggle with "death awareness" and the psychic consequences of God's abandonment of humankind.

In this interview from his home in State College, Pennsylvania, Morrow discusses his debt to the SF/F community, scientific humanism, organized religion, the literary roots of his stories, the difficulties of addressing the "big questions" in satire, and his writing process.

Faith L. Justice: You've been called one of the "great modern satirists" and claim Twain, Vonnegut, and Heller among your literary influences. How did you wind up writing in the SF/fantasy genres rather than in mainstream fiction?

James Morrow: As early as my first novel, The Wine of Violence, I was producing fiction that obviously partook as much of satire and allegory as of "SF/Fantasy." But the events in Wine occurred on another planet, and the people got there in spaceships. We all looked at each other -- my agent, my editor, and me -- and said, "It probably makes sense to market this as science fiction, but let's hope we can somehow reach a crossover audience."

I'm not a fatalist. I don't like Original Sin scenarios. But it's possible that, in defining myself as an SF author right at the beginning, I have irretrievably exiled myself from the Garden of Mainstream Acceptance. If I had it to do over, however, I suspect I'd choose to lapse from grace once again. I'd love to have the large audience enjoyed by Twain and Heller. But it's important to remember this: there's no obscurity like publishing a mainstream novel that goes nowhere. Heller was the first to admit that, for every Catch-22, fifty equally worthy mainstream novels fall by the wayside.

I shall always feel enormously indebted to the SF world. It's given me an audience, critical acclaim, half a living wage, and more than my share of awards. And here's the most powerful argument of all: by working in relative obscurity, addressing myself to the freewheeling, low-pressure science fiction community, I think I've probably done better work -- more biting, more audacious, more honest -- than if I'd quickly become a high-profile writer. And in my haltingly idealistic fashion, I shall always insist that the work, not the royalty check, is what counts most.

Now, if the mainstream wants to discover me at this point in my career, that would be perfectly all right with me. I could use the money.

FJ: You call yourself a "scientific humanist." What does that mean?

JM: I like that term -- I first heard it in connection with Jacob Bronowski -- because there's something slightly paradoxical and ambiguous about it. And I think that worthy fiction always partakes of paradox and ambiguity.

C.P. Snow's famous dichotomy between "the two cultures," scientists versus humanists, goes back to 1962, and I think it's still very much with us. If anything, the schism has gotten worse in recent years. Snow was concerned about the failure of academic humanists to comprehend the insights of science. Today we have hundreds of postmodern academics who are actually proud of their failure to comprehend the insights of science -- a pride in which they are so noisy and articulate and persuasive that they make someone like me feel slightly ashamed to be caught using a phrase like "the insights of science."

Bronowski liked to point out that science is "a very human activity." I think he meant that it's a mistake to regard science as a sterile, passionless, bureaucratic pursuit, destined to turn us into numbers. But the postmodernists have distorted Bronowski's idea -- as they have distorted similar ideas drawn from Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper -- beyond recognition, turning science into a mere "metaphor" or "narrative." Bronowski was inviting humanists to join in the great post-Enlightenment conversation about the limitations and misuses of scientific knowledge. And the humanists, to their eternal shame, responded by declaring that the Enlightenment was dead.

We need a serious critique of science in this culture. The apologists for the technocratic machine must be countered and contradicted. But this will never happen by filtering science through the bizarre epistemologies of French intellectuals. Jacques Derrida didn't discover the threat to the ozone layer. Scientists did. (Their names, for the record, are F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina of the University of California.)

FJ: You've said that satire is the child of anger and comedy. In your writings on western religion, where does your anger come from? Your comedic touch?

JM: As I mentioned in a Paradoxa interview with Samuel R. Delany, people are sometimes surprised to learn that my childhood contacts with religion were undramatic. My readers assume that, given the vehemence with which I question Christianity's legitimacy, I must be working through some terrible, quasi-repressed trauma. They think I was hit with a ruler by a nun, or I had to empty a Lutheran minister's bedpan -- something like that.

My religious upbringing was actually quite tepid and generic -- a white Presbyterian Church in the Philadelphia suburbs. My skepticism comes primarily from reading the world's great disbelievers -- Voltaire, Twain, Ibsen, Camus, and so on -- and realizing that their anguish and their disaffection felt honest to me in a way that the theistic worldview never did. To use my earlier terminology, Voltaire and Camus seemed to be among the real grown-ups on the planet.

Let me hasten to add that, while my skepticism is essentially intellectual, that doesn't mean it's passionless. Quite the contrary. For me, thinking and feeling are inextricably intermixed.

To quote from the aforementioned interview: "I guess I'm writing for readers who, whether they're believers or not, are viscerally disturbed, on a almost daily basis, by Christianity's claim to occupy some moral and epistemological high ground. My imagined audience includes people who've noticed that you can't depend on religion to get us thinking intelligently about war, peace, ethics, eros, gender, nature, intolerance, or human origins -- au contraire, religion often gets us thinking about these problems in vacuous and ugly ways -- and this state of affairs shakes them to the core. It drives them crazy. It makes them want to scream."

The comedy in my fiction functions as a kind of Trojan horse. It lets me smuggle all sorts of grand opinions into each story without seeming too pretentious. Woody Allen does it better than I do. He has a gift for condensing a devastating -- yet at the same time rather subtle -- critique of the theistic worldview into a single line. In Love and Death, Allen raises the possibility that God is "evil," then quickly adds that he's probably just an "underachiever" instead.

FJ: Your writing has been called everything from "irreverent" to "blasphemous." How would you characterize your writing and, given Salman Rushdie's fate, does this vehemence affect your writing or personal behavior?

JM: Obviously a whole book could be written about the Rushdie affair and the differences between Western and Islamic perceptions of fiction and its power over reality. On the whole, I don't imagine myself becoming the next Rushdie -- I don't fear reprisals from Christian militants. At this point in history, theological satire in the West flies well below the radar of the religious right. There's no need for me to put a barbed-wire fence around my house.

Occasionally, a born-again Christian with a powerful search engine will blunder into my website. The poor fellow has typed in "Jesus," and suddenly he's confronted with reviews of Only Begotten Daughter. Usually he'll leave me a message -- disapproving, but hardly menacing. It goes something like this: "Well, Jim, I can see by this website that you're very concerned with religious matters. Did you know that Jesus Christ is very concerned about your concern with religious matters? I suggest you let him into your heart, preferably before sundown, lest you roast in Hell. Have a nice day."

Believe it or not, I sometimes wonder if my relentless railing against Christianity doesn't go too far. At a certain point, obviously, any sort of blasphemy can become hurtful, irrelevant, or puerile. But I keep coming back to this question: who struck first, the satirist or the sacristan? And the answer is clearly, the latter.

We must be angry about Christianity's historical complicity in war, slavery, anti-Semitism, and the subjugation of women. God knows, that's not all we should be angry about. Secular belief systems also have much to answer for -- maybe they even have more to answer for. I don't know. But it's my particular job to keep shouting, "Look where the theistic-salvationist worldview leads us if we're not careful!"

FJ: You've described Towing Jehovah as a fantastical Lord Jim, and Blameless in Abaddon as a retelling of the "Book of Job." What are the literary roots of The Eternal Footman?

JM: Its primary touchstone is The Epic of Gilgamesh. I'm not very subtle about this ancestry. My heroine spends part of the novel traveling with a theatre company that's producing a more-or-less faithful adaptation of Gilgamesh in a succession of southern towns.

We hear a lot these days, especially from academic precincts, about the deterministic nature of human language and culture. There is no such thing as a universal human spirit, the postmodern intellectuals argue. All realities -- moral, epistemological, psychological -- are ultimately "local," conditioned by immediate social and linguistic norms. Even science, the postmodernists say, can be profitably scrutinized through this radically relativistic lens.

And yet here's Gilgamesh, the world's oldest surviving epic, speaking to us with poignancy and immediacy about the bedrock tragedy of the human condition. The theme is the inescapability of death, and the poem tells us how utterly human it is to wish that things were otherwise. If Gilgamesh is essentially "local," then I say the hell with it.

It's possible to map the whole Godhead Trilogy onto the Divine Comedy. Towing Jehovah corresponds to the "Purgatorio" -- the characters are trapped in a gray domain defined by their moral limitations. Blameless in Abaddon is the "Inferno" in a different key. ("Abaddon" is a Hebrew word that can be translated as "hell.") And Footman, with its glimpses of a post-theistic utopia, might be regarded as a kind of "Paradiso." But this is all rather cerebral. Let's drop it and go on to the next question.

FJ: You've lamented that, unlike nineteenth-century writers, modern novelists deal primarily with "quotidian life and its discontents." What are the grand questions you wrestle with in this trilogy, and did you come up with any answers?

JM: No, let's not go on to the next question. Aaarggh! I'm overwhelmed! This is a great question, Faith, but I could spend the rest of the week trying to answer it! Let me attempt an end run around the problem. Let me talk briefly about the gap between the cosmic riddles I thought I'd be confronting in the Godhead Trilogy and the riddles I really did confront.

Before I actually wrote Towing Jehovah, I'd assumed it would be a satire on the common notion that, when a society loses faith in God, it ceases to be moral. But eventually I took the theme much more seriously, and I ended up giving theism its due. Once the crew of the Carpco Valparaiso discovers that nobody is peering down from Heaven, they lose their moral compass: murders and orgies start becoming the norm.

But only temporarily. By the end of act two, the Kantian categorical imperative has taken hold, and the crew starts behaving decently again. So a novel that began life as a kind of science-fictional joke -- what if God died? -- ended up addressing other sorts of questions. How do we account for ethical behavior? What might a non-theistic morality look like? Do we behave decently merely because we fear divine retribution, or are we a better species than that?

I went into Blameless in Abaddon knowing that the plot would revolve around God's long overdue trial for crimes against humanity. But until I began investigating theodicy in depth, I had no idea that the case for the defense could be so rich and complex. Christian theologians have been explaining God's ostensible complicity in human suffering for nearly 2,000 years, and they've accomplished a lot -- so much, in fact, that I decided to have the World Court judges return a "not guilty" verdict. And here I thought a single case of childhood cancer would make the prosecution's case!

But there's a problem, of course. Because after you've hammered together your beautiful little theodicy -- whether you're Saint Augustine or C. S. Lewis -- you're still stuck with that suffering child. So while the World Court was ultimately willing to let God off the hook, you can be sure that James Morrow was not.

On the drawing board, The Eternal Footman was supposed to address the following theme: "No matter what the clerics tell us, death means nothing but oblivion, and it's also the primary source from which the world's religions draw their energy." But during the composition process, I realized that death is a more ambiguous phenomenon than my original notes allowed. I still have no use for it in my personal life, but I can see how -- from the broadest evolutionary and historical perspective -- the case for death's necessity is probably even better than the case for God's goodness.

As for the notion that death-denial lies at the heart of most religions, I have one of the characters in Footman say this very explicitly. But I'm no longer prepared to reduce religion to that formula. Like Towing Jehovah, The Eternal Footman got me speculating about the genesis of ethical behavior, and I concluded that religiously-rooted narratives like the Good Samaritan certainly have their part to play.

FJ: Your stories are always fantastical yet grounded in the real world. What kinds of research do you do to keep the "science" in science fiction?

JM: Ever since This Is the Way the World Ends I've attempted to work simultaneously in two very different -- perhaps even incompatible -- idioms: the utterly fanciful and the utterly mundane. I'm intrigued by the artistic possibilities that unfold in that kind of literary no-man's-land. One finds a similar landscape in Kafka's stories, though without the strain of scientific rationality that runs through my work.

World Ends turns on a wholly supernatural premise -- a temporary reprieve for the "unadmitted" victims of human extinction -- but the disaster itself is treated realistically. I read dozens of books on the effects of nuclear blasts (short-term and long-term), the perverse logic of so-called "strategic doctrine," and the Nuremberg precedent whereby the "unadmitted" put their murderers on trial. The situation is impossible, but the suffering is real.

The argument I make to myself goes something like this: if I do enough research, augmenting the premise of the moment with lots of gritty particulars, then at a certain point I will start to believe that premise, no matter how ridiculous. And if I believe it, then maybe the reader will believe it as well.

FJ: I've always admired your quirky complicated characters -- people just on the edge of mainstream, neighbors with a twist.

JM: This issue of characterization dovetails neatly into the research question you asked earlier. It's the other side of the coin: how might a writer invest his characters with enough humanity that we care about them even if they're living through impossible events?

A common criticism of SF is that it settles for far too simplistic an understanding of the human psyche. In the words of Thomas Disch, the genre lacks "a decent sense of despair." It's a fair complaint, I feel. There's certainly no evidence that, as our species becomes increasingly dependent on technology and our world becomes increasingly science-fictional, we're losing our psychological complexity. Indeed, most people would argue that inner turmoil and ineffable existential dread have increased in the post-industrial age.

Nobody in a feudal fantasy like The Lord of the Rings or Dune experiences anxiety attacks of unknown origin. Nobody has to cope with migraines or hemorrhoids or suicidal depression. Maybe they shouldn't. Maybe that kind of realism would destroy the very conventions that permit such novels to delight us. But I do worry when an author places a caste system at the center of a novel and then fails to ask searching questions about it.

Having said all this, let me hasten to confess I've always found characterization to be the hardest aspect of novel-writing. I conceive of my stories in terms of themes and situations first, human psychology second. If I were completely honest, I'd have to admit that the main reason I give my characters vivid occupations -- Murray Katz processing snapshots, George Paxton carving tombstones, Nora Burkhart delivering flowers, Gerard Korty sculpting the Divine Comedy -- is that it simplifies the characterization problem. This strategy affords me lots of "objective correlatives" for my character's mental states, including their self-doubts and neuroses. That's better than the stupid conceit of a worry-free Sardaukar, but it's certainly not the highest variety of psychological fiction. I'm not Dostoyevsky.

FJ: What does your typical creative day look like?

JM: The alarm clock rings. Kathy and Jim send Pooka the Border collie to wake up Christopher, the eleven-year-old (my son, Kathy's stepson). Kathy makes Chris's breakfast. Jim takes Amtrak the Doberman for a walk, a process that usually yields at least two good ideas -- a line of dialogue, a juicy metaphor, a structural tactic -- for that day's scene.

Chris eats breakfast while reading the funnies. Jim, Kathy, Chris, and Pooka walk a quarter-mile to the bus stop. (For reasons not worth explaining, the best way for my son to get to school is on a public bus.) While Kathy and Chris ride downtown together, Jim heads for home with Pooka. He typically gets two or three more good ideas along the way.

The rest of the day is a dance among competing obligations. Jim tries to get a load of dishes washed. . .to have at least one nourishing conversation with Kathy. . .and to jog twice around the block. But mostly he writes and writes and writes. It's an addiction.

FJ: Did you ever write a line that you're especially proud of -- that is, a line in which you managed to capture your worldview in epigrammatic fashion?

JM: In Towing Jehovah, my heroine says to a friend, "That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism -- it's an argument against foxholes."

Faith L. Justice is a self-styled science geek and history junkie. Before becoming a freelance writer, she worked as a lifeguard, paralegal, college professor, and business consultant. She has published numerous science fiction and fantasy short stories and poems since co-founding a writer's group twelve years ago. Faith lives with her husband, daughter, and cat in New York.

Visit James Morrow's Web site.